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As the end of the year approaches, take a break from stressing about the holiday season by getting your personal finances in order. It’s a great time to finish your charitable contributions and adjust your 401(k) contribution. It’s also better to fund your IRA now than it is to wait until the April deadline. You can also use this time as an opportunity to adjust your investment portfolio.

Having a hands-off approach to investing is an acceptable strategy. Over the long term, a diversified portfolio of stocks has historically grown in value enough to build wealth, but only over long periods of time. Advisers, especially those who appreciate the low-cost advantages of using index funds rather than actively-managed mutual funds or stocks, have generally said to invest now and leave your investments alone without too much tampering.

BalanceSome tampering is required, though. Even if you like the set-it-and-forget-it approach to investing, each year you should evaluate your financial needs, goals, and risk tolerance to ensure you’re still invested in the most effective way. There are two goals when rebalancing your portfolio. First, if your underlying investment approach needs to change, you can reflect your new needs in how you distribute your investments between stocks, cash, and other asset classes. Also, rebalancing gives you the opportunity to lock in gains in one asset class while taking advantage of lower prices in another.

Evaluate your goals and needs against your reality

There are circumstances where your investing approach might need to change. If you’ve been investing 10% of your income every year in stocks and no other investments, you are accepting a certain level of risk. If one of your family members suddenly becomes ill and needs expensive care, you might find that you now have a larger chance of needing the money you’ve been saving for retirement in the near future. Suddenly, having your wealth tied into volatile assets is riskier than you can afford.

In another example, you might have inherited an investment. If this changes your financial situation, you may find that you no longer need an annual return of 8% to reach your financial goals. You could accept less risk and lower returns, and this could be reflected in your investment strategy by moving away from stocks into less volatile investments like bonds.

Look at your entire investable net worth

Your 401(k) plan might have an option to periodically automatically rebalance your portfolio based on your preferences. Rebalancing in general, whether automated or not, is a good way to lock in gains and take advantage of lower prices, particularly in a tax-efficient account where you don’t need to pay the government anything as a result of your gains. For example, in a basic scenario, you might have chosen to invest 60% of your portfolio in stocks and 40% of your portfolio in bonds. If stocks have a great year, they might have increased in value to represent 65% of your portfolio, leaving 35% for bonds. Without changing anything, you now have a riskier profile than you intended.

Rebalancing will allow you to sell the 5% of your portfolio, invested in stocks, and use the proceeds to buy more bonds, moving your profile back to 60% stocks and 40% bonds. You’re selling high and buying low, precisely the type of investing strategy that has a good probability of succeeding over the long term.

If you set your initial investment and risk profile with just your 401(k) in mind, you might not be considering outside investments like IRAs and taxable investment accounts. Take a holistic approach, looking at your entire investment portfolio, including how much cash — money market funds or savings accounts — you have. When rebalancing, you should take your entire financial picture into account. This is a reason automatic rebalancing options in 401(k) plans are not always sufficient.

Photo: Cherice

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The point of accumulating and saving money is not to die with the most money in the bank. Yes, it can be helpful to your heirs to leave a fortune for the next generation, but not at the expense of living a fulfilled life yourself. There are many opinions about what it means to live a fulfilled life, but for most people, it involves taking the time to do whatever you’d like to do without needing to be concerned about the financial consequences, or whether you’ll have enough money to buy food tomorrow.

Doing whatever you’d like to do doesn’t have to cost money, but sometimes, it does. Some people could be happy living off the land, finding their own meals, and surviving on their own without ever spending a dime. Self-sustenance is an interesting concept and I have respect for people who can manage to live their lives this way. Most of us are consumers, however, and thus earn and spend money in order to live.

You’re reading Consumerism Commentary because you’re interested in finances on a personal level, but it’s important to remember that net worth and income are not the core concepts of living life. I wouldn’t be who I am without the aspects of my life that do not involve earning income. Society could not function if the only activities its inhabitants performed were those activities that other members of society would pay them to do.

Fun SnowboardingIt’s advisable to look for deals when we shop. If we’re spending money in a store, it pays to ensure we’re getting the best price. That could involve bargain hunting, negotiating, and comparison shopping. Paying attention to price and value plays a big role in everyday and occasional spending, but the usual goal in this type of frugal philosophy is ending the day with the most cash left in your pocket. I offer a different goal: ending the day with the experiences that shape you as a human being. It’s harder to measure, but at the end of your life, you’ll likely have fewer regrets and be more satisfied with how you’ve spent your short time alive on this planet.

Let’s call those experiences that add up to a fulfilled life “fun.” They might not always be enjoyable, but you collect these experiences and you can find a method of tallying and rating them. These experiences have the most meaning to you now and in the future.

Here are some tips for spending money for fun.

1. Necessities come first.

Before you can consider partaking in an experience that doesn’t have a positive effect on your net worth, you need to clear a few hurdles. These suggestions speak to the top of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I keep coming back to this cope psychological concept, and it might annoy anyone who has studied psychology beyond an introductory-level course, but I feel it’s symbolic of how to best organize personal finance, particularly spending.

The lowest level of the pyramid represents your physiological needs, everything you need in order to survive each day, namely food, water, heat, and shelter. In most communities, basic clothing is also a physiological need. It would be very difficult to rationalize spending money on anything else before these needs are met. Granted, you could avoid some of these expenses by living off the gratuity of family and friends, but that can only last so long — particularly if they see you spending money on fun things without considering moving out.

Feeding your need for self-actualization is a luxury. Climbing the Hierarchy of Needs pyramid can be tough, and focusing on enriching your life comes after your basic needs are met.

2. Define our goals and values.

Once your household has overcome any difficulties in the way of providing the basic physiological necessities, there is an opportunity to think about the big picture. There are many people stuck here, believing their goal is to earn money. Earning money is not a goal in itself, it’s only a path that allows individuals to meet other goals. A friend asked me for financial advice, and although I’m not a financial planner or adviser, I agreed to talk to him and help him think through his issues.

I asked what his goals in life were, because knowing this would be the only way to help someone plan for the future. He said his goal was to retire with $5 million in the bank. Regardless of whether that was a reasonable number, it wasn’t a real goal. I asked him why he wanted that particular sum, and he had never thought about it before. We started to work out what he would do with that money and why it was important for him to be financially independent. You need real life goals, not money goals. With real goals, you can evaluate whether the money you spend is worthwhile, and you have a purpose for saving and investing other than a big balance on your monthly bank statements.

In addition to goals, you should be aware of what ideals are important to you. A set of values defines how you live your life, where you spend your time, and an initiative for your funds beyond the selfish but necessary act of taking care of yourself.

3. Pay off debt.

Being debt-free is the most important financial goal. When you’re in debt, you’re beholden to someone else. Often, that someone else is a company with significant means to make your life miserable if you can’t pay. There are avenues for help if you need it, like bankruptcy, but for the most part, you can’t life a fulfilled life when part of the money you earn is dedicated to someone else.

If you’re earning $3,000 per month and paying $2,000 in interest to your mortgage company and credit card issuers, your income is basically owned by entities other than you. If the remaining $1,000 covers nothing other than your necessities like room and board, you are living in indentured servitude. Some might even say that debt is slavery. You should want any income you earn to be rightfully yours.

These suggestions are not necessarily in order. You can pay off debt while still determining your long-term goals because no matter what goals you choose, being debt-free will be key. In this case, debt includes mortgages and student loans, not just credit cards. Any interest obligation is a waste of your money. You don’t have to be completely debt-free to begin considering spending money for fun (that is, life enrichment), but you should have a plan in place for doing so and for emergencies that might cause trouble along the way.

4. Save for the future.

Living a fulfilled life often means striking the right balance between saving for the future and using the money you earn today for more than just necessities. Again, that’s a luxury that’s best considered only by individuals or families who have done a good job of saving for their future already.

It may be possible to save too much money, but many will not reach the point where this is a concern. There will always be more we can save for the future, but those who are on the path to a more comfortable, debt-free life have more options for spending today without sacrificing their future.

5. Compare your spending with your values.

If measuring success with saving money, the scorecard is simple. Your net worth and net income statements provide feedback. You’ll know where you stand at any moment from a financial perspective. When collecting experiences leading to a fulfilled life, keeping track of your progress is more difficult to measure. You could look at your discretionary spending and compare it with your values. Give yourself points when your expenses match the type of person you’d like to be and give you the feeling that you’ll be satisfied when you look upon your experiences. Subtract points if your spending was frivolous, not well-considered, caused regret, or prevented you from living life in the way you’d like to.

When it comes to spending money for fun, I am a big fan of spontaneity. Being impulsive or spontaneous can be responsible or irresponsible, however. If you’re striving to fill your life with rich experiences and to never look back on your time alive with regret, you can help increase the chances of creating a life you enjoy by taking a responsible approach. Everyone should get a chance to spend their hard-earned money how they want, but that freedom comes from the ability to make a few good, important choices about how to handle finances.

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A typical professional athlete may be a prime example of the situation in which an individual might find himself suddenly wealthy. The idea that a person could consider himself middle class or lower one day and wealthy the next is a recipe for financial disaster. It’s easy to look at athletes because their trials and tribulations are often front page news. Michael Vick had some problems with the law, but now he’s dealing with financial fall-out. He has declared bankruptcy, and for the first time, the public is getting to see the choices he made with his money.

Vick listened to the wrong people and was perhaps a little gullible and trusting. His seemingly unlimited income gave him the opportunity to spend with zeal. He paid $223,000 a year for dubious financial advice, $78,000 a year for allowances for his family members, and an extra sum of $209,000 for his mother. His obligations included various house payments for his family in addition to the allowances, salaries for his entourage, $10,000 per month on jewelry for a period of 20 months, payments for his own houses (four), boats (five), cars (eight), and horses (unknown).

Gold Bars MoneyAnd then he wasted his money on failed business ventures for which his friends and advisers convinced him to part with more of his money, like a rental car franchise, janitorial operations, a restaurant, and of course the issue that eventually landed him in jail, the dog fighting ring.

The result of all his money missteps was bankruptcy, with a variety of companies staking claim to his future earnings. At least in Vick’s case, he is getting a second chance. With his new contract, and with a new approach to managing his money, he should be able to meet all his financial obligations.

The thought of having a sudden influx of cash, particularly if it puts you in a significantly different financial situation that those who are closest to you, is frightening. Suddenly, friends and strangers might approach you with investment ideas or pleas for help. Many suddenly wealthy individuals are grateful for their situation and want to help others, but responding to these requests can be a quick road to losing everything.

Ron Lieber, columnist for the New York Times, offers a three-pronged approach for people, not just professional athletes, whose financial situation changes significantly, quickly: slow, small, and scrutiny.

Slow

Don’t make decisions right away, and keep the money invested safely in cash or bonds from the outset. Don’t give in to the immediate pressure you may receive from friends, family, and strangers looking for investment capital or financial help, even though you may strongly desire to help those closest to you. Decisions made quickly could end up hurting your financial security later, so slow down your approach and resist the temptation to immediately go after investments that promise to pay off handsomely. It’s true that the wealthier you are, the more access you have to potentially lucrative, but complicated, investments, but keeping money invested safely for a while helps you wait until you can make more rational decisions.

Small

The good-hearted among us will want to use newly-acquired wealth, particularly if there is more money available that any one family could use in a lifetime, to make grand gestures with large amounts of money, making the world a better place. The adviser quoted in Lieber’s article points out that many athletes invest in a city only to find out they would be traded to another city the next year. Keeping gestures small would make more sense.

Additionally, if we’ve seen anything from celebrities in Hollywood, there’s often a temptation to use wealth to buy a massive house. Many people, even the wealthy, aren’t prepared for the expenses involved with maintaining a house, particularly if that house is large. There’s always a chance that it proves to be a good investment, if another celebrity makes the risky decision to buy the mansion at a higher price down the road, but there are never any guarantees. In the case of athletes, many become wealthy at a very young age — and they may have never even lived on their own before. The article suggests buying a small home to start, perhaps even a condo.

Scrutiny

Shady advisers appear out of the woodwork when there’s money to be made. The article says it’s a good idea to have an adviser, but be very selective. I’ve written a series about selecting and working with financial planners, and weather you’re suddenly wealthy or looking to build wealth over time, the same concepts apply. The most important factor is finding a fee-only financial planner to serve as a fiduciary, which means they are bound to advise in your best interests only. Even this doesn’t prevent an adviser from taking advantage of a client, though.

I would also argue that a good, solid education about basic money management can go a long way in reducing the need for outside “expert” opinions about how to hold or invest your money.

An athlete signing a professional contract, a lucky individual who wins the lottery, or an entrepreneur selling his company to Apple all might have to deal with a sudden influx of wealth. Keep cool and don’t make any sudden moves. Wait before offering any financial help or investment capital to friends, family, and advisers. From a practical point of view, these are likely to be good priorities:

ESPN, New York Times

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There’s no doubt that the stock market has been a bit turbulent these past few days. After days when the stock market tumbles, the financial news media claims the double dip recession is here, and after days when the Dow and S&P shoot back up, stories point to the rally in 2008 that took place right after the biggest drop as a comparison.

This type of volatility is sure to scare investors away from stocks. Wise advisers have warned that if you can’t handle these day-to-day swings without loosing sleep at night, you shouldn’t be invested in stocks in the first place. It’s the risk of these swings that helps stocks earn long-term impressive returns compared to inflation.

If you’re losing sleep and have come to the realization that your risk tolerance is lower than you thought it was when the market was soaring high, your gut reaction is to get out of risky stocks and invest in bonds or nothing at all. Then after growth in stocks seems to be accelerating again, jump back on the bus (usually when it’s too late to take advantage). The long-term returns of the stock market relies on being invested at the lows, so selling low and buying high will ensure your investments will never perform at the advertised long-term returns.

Warren Buffett is buying more stocks right now, according to an interview with Fortune magazine. To run scared from a volatile market is not a good way to grow your wealth. Rather than come to the realization that you’ve overestimated your tolerance for risk, investors should embrace this time as an opportunity.

Losing sleep over day-to-day stock performance is not a result of a low risk tolerance that signals stocks are not the right investments. Stocks are the right investments, and people have to realize that this volatility is part of investing. If you run away, you lose. If you’re losing sleep, start viewing declines as an opportunity to double down and buy into the stock market when you can.

As people age, however, this volatility does become much more important. A stock market crash at the same time you need your money can undo many years of great performance. For this reason, it might make sense to gradually decrease exposure to stocks as you get older, but not too much. Even at the typical retirement age, you’ll still likely have many years to live and to let your wealth grow further.

Rather than investing in the stock market as a whole, building wealth can be much faster if you take Warren Buffett’s approach and invest directly in businesses. Whether it’s providing capital directly or investing in specific stocks, this takes significant research and work to do correctly. The risk is much greater — you could lose all your money — but the potential benefit is also much greater. This isn’t the right approach for everyone, but if Buffett is in buying mode, you should be, too.

Are you seeing this volatility as an opportunity or are you moving away from stocks?

Photo: Aaron Friedman
Fortune

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