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Last week I met with a Certified Financial Planner for the first time. This was a free service provided by Vanguard, so it was a good opportunity to speak to a professional about my specific situation. For many years, I’ve been relying on mostly generalized advice, whether from books, large communities like the Motley Fool discussion forums (particularly the Living Below Your Means section), financial columnists, or a community of bloggers that has grown from fewer than a dozen to more than a thousand.

My financial planner and I started by discussing my goals. This was tough for me, as I’ve changed my long-term goals several times in the last decade. I’m trying to find the right mission for my life. I’ve made personal finance my passion since the creation of Consumerism Commentary in 2003, but long before that date I was passionate about other aspects of my life. I need to look at how I want to spend the next twenty, thirty, or forty years of my life and some of the more important developments along the way, like having a family.

From a financial standpoint, my next major expenditure will most likely be a house, though that purchase relies on making other choices in my life first.

With my current level of investable net worth — my assets outside of an emergency fund and money put aside for shorter-term goals like a house — I’m willing to give up potential returns in the stock market for less risk. We decided on a mix between 60% stocks and 40% bonds. Complicating the issue is the fact that almost all of my non-cash investments are in stocks. It will be important to look at my portfolio as a whole rather than analyzing my 401(k) separately from my IRA and separately from my taxable account. This is where tools like Quicken, offering charting and reporting across a variety of accounts regardless of where they are held, come in handy.

The 60%/40% split between stock funds and bond funds is more conservative than I would generally recommend for someone my age (thirty-five), but that might be appropriate based on my lower needs for long-term returns and need for maintaining value in the intermediate term as I determine the next steps for my life.

Before discussing specific investments, I made sure the planner was aware that I prefer index mutual funds rather than ETFs, managed mutual funds, or individual investments. The planner suggested that 70% of the stock portion of my portfolio be invested in the Total Stock Market Index with the remaining 30% in the International Stock Market Index. Half of the bond portion of the portfolio should be invested in the Intermediate Tax-Exempt Bond Fund with the other half in the New Jersey Tax-Exempt Municipal Bond Fund. I’m not sure how excited I am about the prospect of investing in New Jersey, but the tax advantage could be helpful.

I brought up the issue of tax efficiency. It was my understanding that tax-efficient investments, such as the bond funds recommended, should be invested in taxable accounts, while investments that did not offer any tax advantages should be invested in retirement plans like 401(k)s and traditional IRAs, where the tax is deferred until retirement. After analyzing my tax situation, the planner concluded the opposite would be true, admitting the idea seemed counter-intuitive. In today’s environment, the tax rate for qualified dividends, the result of stock-based mutual funds, is 15%, while income from bond-based mutual funds is taxed at ordinary income rates.

However, the bond funds he suggested to are federally tax-exempt, and one is also state tax-exempt as long as I continue living in New Jersey. The adviser’s suggestion to invest in bonds in my tax-deferred retirement accounts might make more sense if those investments were not tax-exempt. I think there’s a piece of discussion missing from my notes that might have explained this situation with a more satisfying rationale. I’ll seek a second opinion about this particular aspect of my planning.

With most of my portfolio in cash, the planner suggested moving these funds to stocks and bonds slowly, over the course of eight quarters. Leaving behind any amount I’d like to have let in cash at the end of two years, I would divide the remainder by eight to determine my quarterly investment amount. This method of dollar-cost averaging could ease the pricing risk inherent in investing a lump sum.

If my goal is only to have money for retirement, my time horizon would be long. Again, I’ll need to define some of my life goals to determine time horizons for specific pools of assets. That would be a topic for a later discussion.

In summary, these are the main points of our discussion:

  • Six months to one year of living needs in cash, including an emergency fund and any other spending needs.
  • With the rest, a 60%/40% split between stock funds and bond funds.
  • Using a dollar-cost averaging investing strategy over the next eight quarters for current funds.
  • Add the bond fund portion to 401(k) investments and stock fund portion to taxable investments.

What do you think of this strategy?

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10 Cash Back Credit Card Traps

This article was written by in Credit. 16 comments.

For my own finances, I’ve been a fan of credit cards with cash back programs. Some financial experts advise avoiding credit cards completely, even those cards that offer rewards like cash back or offer on best gas credit cards and small business credit cards. I’ve never been a fan of this approach — again, for my own finances — because I see a credit cards as just another tool for personal finance. A hammer is inherently neither good nor evil; it’s a tool that someone can use to fix a roof or to send another person to the hospital.

For a large portion of consumers, credit cards cause trouble. That may not be a reason to avoid credit cards entirely, as consumers can learn how to use credit cards effectively. Those of us who do believe we use cash back credit cards responsibly, paying bills in full every month, never paying interest, and buying only what we can afford, are relatively comfortable with the use of this tool, but even the best of us are subject to issuers’ traps.

Cash back credit card programs include traps that help issuers recover the cost of paying out benefits to their customers. While some traps can be avoided by managing finances closely, other traps take advantage of the psychological aspects of using plastic rather than cash. These traps can be more difficult to avoid, because consumers cannot control their subconscious tendencies. Here are the cash back traps to avoid, if you can.

1. Credit card users spend more

Cash Back Credit CardsThe process of taking cash out of your wallet and handing that money to another person is a very deliberate activity, both physically and mentally. Parting with cash has psychological ramifications. In most people, particularly those who best understand the value of having money saved, the act of giving the cash away triggers the same reaction as a painful activity. Spending money and pain are linked in the brain.

When you use credit cards, you add a buffer between your cash and the process of parting with it. Spenders are less likely to hesitate and less likely to get that twinge of pain associated with handing over bills and coins. People familiar with computer science would call this a layer of abstraction. You’re controlling your money by using a representation of that money, not the cash itself, and that makes the process feel better. In addition, cards with a rewards program like cash back encourage higher spending, because that cash back is seen as a reward that can be maximized by spending more.

Avoid this by making a concerted effort to buy only what you could afford with cash at any time.

2. Late fees and interest negate any cash back benefits

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In the Berkshire Hathaway 2010 Annual Report, Warren Buffett shared a letter from his grandfather to his uncle’s family in 1939, and the advice contained within the letter formed the basis of Berkshire Hathaway’s commitment to weathering any financial storm.

I can’t say if the idea of an emergency fund was novel in 1939, but the advice contained within the made enough sense to Warren Buffett that the idea stuck with him and helped to form his philosophy for operating his business. Here’s the letter, scanned and included in the annual report to shareholders.

Warren Buffett Emergency Fund $1,000 Letter

Warren Buffett’s grandfather, Ernest, owned a grocery store, and as a business discovered the importance of having cash available immediately in the event that it is needed to keep the business running. The letter also emphasizes the idea of assisting future generations, but not with so much money that those within the younger generation do not become self-sufficient. The $1,000 provided with the letter in 1939, and provided with similar letters to other family members as Buffett discovered in 1970, is equivalent to about $15,500 today due to inflation. This is a significant emergency fund and a significant gift, something that might only be possible when the giver has experienced his own financial success.

Berkshire Hathaway holds about $10 billion in cash, which helps its company survive even the toughest financial setbacks. With the company invested heavily in the insurance industry, the Katrina hurricane and flooding resulted in an unexpected $3 billion loss. The company survived thanks in part to its cash reserves.

Taking this advice to the personal level, the attitude towards cash reserves passed from one generation to the next is a great model for managing the finances of a family or individual, not just a business. Despite the opportunity cost when you figure money held in cash could be more effective invested to earn a greater return or used for paying off debt to reduce interest expenses, holding cash where it is accessible in the event it is needed on short basis can save a family’s finances from collapsing.

An emergency fund of $15,500 could mean a big difference for a family, and a patriarch provided this security in addition to the lesson about management is a great example for the financial discussions families should be having today.

Hat tip to @ramit for pointing out the letter.

Berkshire Hathaway 2010 Annual Report

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There have been two major financial crossroads in my life until this point. Although it took a while to get to each one, by the time the dust settled, I knew I had made the right choice. In both instances, the decisions surround leaving my job, whether by my pure choice without external pressure or a “mutual agreement.”

Ten years ago, I knew my days at the non-profit organization were coming to an end. I was already in a tough financial situation and I had recently moved to be closer to the organization’s headquarters, which seemed like a bad move since the organization’s CEO was constantly talking about relocating, to save money and time. Three months later, I left the organization. Around the same time, my girlfriend and I parted ways. I spent my time looking for teaching jobs, and because of some kind of communication breakdown, my landlord found a new tenant for my apartment while I was still living there. If that weren’t enough, my ignored speeding tickets caught up with me and I found myself without a car.

Those few months following my departure from that organization were the lowest points of my life, but thanks to some support from family, I found a way to move forward. It began with the loss of the job, and although leaving that job led to short-term stress, from a financial perspective it motivated me to assume control of my life. Rather than let things happen to me without much engagement in the decision-making process, I became the CFO (and really, the CEO, too) of my own life.

The job I found just a few months after leaving the non-profit organization, in my new situation without a car and unable to take most teaching jobs, was for the company I ended up sticking with until December last year. At that point, I was fully in control of my financial direction. My day job had become a relatively insignificant contributor to my overall financial well-being. While I did enjoy inexpensive health benefits, access to a discounted stock purchase plan, and the camaraderie of spending most of my day with co-workers, this day job was only a barrier to pursuing my fuller potential with my own business, primarily Consumerism Commentary.

By this time last year, my business had consistently overtaken my day job income for three to four years. Some people would have used that benchmark to decide to quit their day job, but I took a more conservative approach. I was familiar with the risks, and wanted some security before I would say goodbye to corporate life. About a year ago, I put the wheels in motion to leave my day job, and I finally pulled the trigger after Thanksgiving.

Again, leaving my job has proven, at least so far, to be a fantastic decision for me. I’ve been able to dedicate more time to operating Consumerism Commentary. Although much of that gained time is not dedicated to writing, and my editorial approach hasn’t changed much in the last year, I can now use my time in such a way I’m not constrained. Trying to balance a day job, my own business, a relationship, and my own health needs like sleep resulted in low effectiveness in every area. By gaining nine hours back in each day, I do not need to spread my attention out as much.

This has resulted in improvement at least from the perspective of the business; the last nine months have been quite positive.

The unemployment rate is still high in this post-recessionary economy, and many people would not take a risky move like quitting a good job right now. Furthermore, many people have financial responsibilities like family, and these responsibilities make quitting a job without a solid back-up plan irresponsible. Put if you plant the seeds by saving enough money to feel secure in the decision over and above an emergency fund, you can reduce some of the risk. Then again, the riskiest moves can have the best payoffs, like my departure from the non-profit organization ten years ago.

Think about your immediate plans if you want to leave your job:

  • How will I afford my expenses? Quitting a job by choice is not an emergency, so you shouldn’t rely on an emergency fund. You can create a safety net in addition to your emergency fund, and some people call this extra savings an F.U. fund (as in “fuck you” fund — what you would might to your boss when you leave if you aren’t interested in leaving a good impression).
  • Who else will this affect at the job? Quitting your job out of the blue, again, could make things difficult for your organization. In most cases, be the better person and ensure there is a transition or succession plan in place. Offer to be available for questions after your last day in the office.
  • Who else will this affect outside of the job? If you are financially interdependent with other adults, this is the kind of decision you should discuss ahead of time. There’s a risk that your plan won’t be fruitful, at least not immediately, and if that loss of income affects your family, they have a right to plan with you. If your job loss means you’ll need to rely on extended family, discuss expectations and limitations so there are no surprises.
  • What’s my next move? For the most part, if leaving a job by choice, you should have a plan in place. In fact, you should always have a plan in place for the situation that would arise if you are forced out of a job, laid off, or fired. With a plan, you’ll always be a few moves ahead, like a good chess player.

The above helps, but sometimes people can achieve the best results by just quitting. Some people would be more motivated to succeed on their own when the stakes are higher. This can create a sense of urgency. While not positive for everyone, certain personality types respond well to this type of pressure and use it an advantage.

Conformity, and in this case, conformity with the typical middle class career-based existence, is comfortable. I always knew I didn’t fit well in that mold, and if I wanted to find a way of living that was more satisfying, it would be outside of the corporate box. I may return to the corporate mold in the future, but only if it can be under my terms. I highly recommend leaving an unsatisfying day job in exchange for finding your own way. This could be to follow a passion or it could be to provide the motivation to take control of your situation. Even if it results in some short-term hardship, quitting a job can be financially and emotionally satisfying over the long term.

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Should You Stop Saving and Investing When Paying Off Debt?

by Flexo

The concept of multitasking, for a person, is a myth. When someone says they are multitasking, they are quick task shifting. We can move our attention quickly from one task to the next, and shift back again, but it’s practically impossible to focus on two different things at the same time. To excel at anything ... Continue reading this article…

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Don’t Take Out a Loan From Your 401(k)

by Flexo

As a very last resort, employees with active 401(k) retirement accounts have an option to take out a loan against their future. Borrowing money is never a good position to be in, but if you’re borrowing money from yourself, you ease the pain. 401(k) plans permit borrowing at interest, and paying interest to yourself can ... Continue reading this article…

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Pay Down Debt or Build an Emergency Fund?

by Flexo
San Diego

Although I’m not a financial professional and I don’t normally give advice, I’m relatively comfortable offering some opinions when it comes to strategy. A reader presented this question to me recently. I’m open to answering questions as long as the answers don’t involve giving stock picks or legal advice. My wife and I recently moved ... Continue reading this article…

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Citi Simplicity Card Review

by Flexo

The most popular feedback I receive when reviewing cards pertains to fees. Most users seem to be allergic to annual fees, balance transfer fees, and others, regardless of the quality of the rewards program or bonus offer. Even when the rewards overshadow the fees, consumers shy away. I do believe you shouldn’t pay any fee ... Continue reading this article…

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